Species of bacterium
Bifidobacterium longum is a Gram-positive, catalase-negative, rod-shaped bacterium current within the human gastrointestinal tract and one of many 32 species that belong to the genus Bifidobacterium.[2][3] It’s a microaerotolerant anaerobe and thought of to be one of many earliest colonizers of the gastrointestinal tract of infants.[2] When grown on basic anaerobic medium, B. longum types white, shiny colonies with a convex form.[4] Whereas B. longum just isn’t considerably current within the grownup gastrointestinal tract, it’s thought-about a part of the intestine microbiota and its manufacturing of lactic acid is believed to stop progress of pathogenic organisms.[5] B. longum is non-pathogenic and is usually added to meals merchandise.[2][6]
Classification [ edit ]
In 2002, three beforehand distinct species of Bifidobacterium, B. infantis, B. longum, and B. suis, have been unified right into a single species named B. longum with the biotypes infantis, longum, and suis, respectively.[7] This occurred because the three species had intensive DNA similarity together with a 16s rRNA gene sequence similarity higher than 97%.[8] As well as, the three unique species have been phenotypically troublesome to differentiate because of completely different carbohydrate fermentation patterns amongst strains of the identical species.[2] As probiotic exercise varies amongst strains of B. longum, curiosity exists within the precise classification of latest strains, though that is made troublesome by the excessive gene similarity between the three biotypes.[9] Presently, pressure identification is finished by polymerase chain response (PCR) on the subtly completely different 16s rRNA gene sequences.[9]
Atmosphere [ edit ]
B. longum colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract, the place it, together with different Bifidobacterium species, represents as much as 90% of the micro organism of an toddler’s gastrointestinal tract.[3] This quantity step by step drops to three% in an grownup’s gastrointestinal tract as different enteric micro organism similar to Bacteroides and Eubacterium start to dominate.[5] Some strains of B. longum have been discovered to have excessive tolerance for gastric acid and bile, suggesting that these strains would be capable of survive the gastrointestinal tract to colonize the decrease small and huge intestines.[6][10] The persistence of B. longum within the intestine is attributed to the glycoprotein-binding fimbriae constructions and bacterial polysaccharides, the latter of which possess sturdy electrostatic costs that support within the adhesion of B. longum to intestinal endothelial cells.[2][11] This adhesion can also be enhanced by the fatty acids within the lipoteichoic acid of the B. longum cell wall.[11]
Metabolism [ edit ]
B. longum is taken into account to be a scavenger, possessing a number of catabolic pathways to make use of a big number of vitamins to extend its competitiveness among the many intestine microbiota.[5] As much as 19 varieties of permease exist to move numerous carbohydrates with 13 being ATP-binding cassette transporters.[12] B. longum has a number of glycosyl hydrolases to metabolise advanced oligosaccharides for carbon and vitality.[3] That is obligatory as mono- and disaccharides have often been consumed by the point they attain the decrease gastrointestinal tract the place B. longum resides.[2] As well as, B. longum can uniquely ferment galactomannan-rich pure gum utilizing glucosaminidases and alpha-mannosidases that take part within the fermentation of glucosamine and mannose, respectively.[2] The excessive variety of genes related to oligosaccharide metabolism is a results of gene duplication and horizontal gene switch, indicating that B. longum is below selective strain to extend its functionality to compete for numerous substrates within the gastrointestinal tract.[2] Moreover, B. longum possesses hydrolases, deaminases, and dehydratases to ferment amino acids.[2] B. longum additionally has bile salt hydrolases to hydrolyze bile salts into amino acids and bile acids. The operate of this isn’t clear, though B. longum may use the amino acids merchandise to higher tolerate bile salts.[13]
Pathogenesis [ edit ]
A variety of instances of B. longum an infection have been reported within the scientific literature. These are primarily instances in preterm infants which might be present process probiotic therapy,[14][15][16] though there are additionally stories of an infection in adults.[17][18][19] An infection in preterm infants manifests as bacteremia or necrotizing enterocolitis,[20] whereas in adults there have been stories of sepsis and peritonitis.[21][22]
Analysis [ edit ]
B. longum is a constituent in VSL#3. This proprietary, standardized, formulation of reside micro organism could also be utilized in mixture with standard therapies to deal with ulcerative colitis, and requires a prescription.[23]
Immune system regulation [ edit ]
The usage of B. longum was proven to shorten the period and decrease the severity of signs related to the frequent chilly with the same impact to that of neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza.[24]
Bifidobacterium longum 35624 [ edit ]
Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum 35624, beforehand categorized as Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis 35624, categorized as Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 earlier than that and nonetheless marketed as such. It’s bought below the model identify Align within the US and Canada and Alflorex in Eire, the UK and different European nations. It’s patented. This pressure was remoted immediately from the epithelium of the terminal ileum of a wholesome human topic, and is without doubt one of the most researched probiotic strains.[25]https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16863564/ref>
See additionally [ edit ]