This record of medication banned by WADA[1] is set by the World Anti-Doping Company, established in 1999 to take care of the growing downside of doping within the sports activities world. The banned substances and methods fall into the next classes: androgens, blood doping, peptide hormones, stimulants, diuretics, narcotics, and cannabinoids.
Contents
Blood doping[edit]
Blood doping is the injection of crimson blood cells, associated blood merchandise that include crimson blood cells, or synthetic oxygen containers. That is executed by extracting and storing one’s personal blood previous to an athletic competitors, properly upfront of the competitors in order that the physique can replenish its pure ranges of crimson blood cells, and subsequently injecting the saved blood instantly earlier than competitors. The ensuing unnatural stage of crimson blood cells improves oxygen transport and athletic endurance; thus, it’s prohibited in most occasions. It’s usually utilized in excessive sports activities like biking, snowboarding, and snowboarding the place endurance is very valued. Essentially the most well-known instance of one of these doping is Lance Armstrong’s efficiency within the Tour de France.[2]
Banned androgenic brokers[edit]
Banned androgenic brokers are both anabolic steroids, which enhance testosterone and epitestosterone, thereby enhancing muscle energy and endurance, or beta-2 agonists (see adrenergic beta-agonist). Andro, DHEA, stanozolol, testosterone, and nandrolone, or derivates (see under) are banned anabolic steroids. Beta-2 agonists can act as bronchodilators and enhance coronary heart charges, along with their gentle androgenic results. Different banned androgenic brokers embody bambuterol, clenbuterol, salbutamol, tibolone, zeranol, zilpaterol, and selective androgen receptor modulators. Whereas just a few of the banned medicine are endogenous, that’s they’re usually produced within the human physique, a lot of the banned drug are exogenous medicine chemically produced. Most of these medicine had been used extensively in Main League Baseball within the Nineteen Nineties and early 2000s.[3]
Exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids[edit]
That is the whole record of exogenous (non-natural) androgenic brokers banned as of January 1, 2012:
Medication with related buildings and organic exercise are additionally banned as a result of new designer medicine of this type are all the time being developed with a view to beat the drug checks.
Endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids[edit]
The next substances, ordinarily produced naturally within the physique, are prohibited when administered from outdoors the physique.
Metabolites and isomers[edit]
Metabolites and isomers of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids, together with:
Different anabolic brokers[edit]
Hormones and associated substances[edit] – “is creatine banned by usada”
Sure peptide hormones enhance bulk, energy, and oxygen-carrying crimson blood cells.
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent[edit]
Erythropoiesis-stimulating brokers equivalent to erythropoietin (EPO), darbepoetin (dEPO), hypoxia-inducible issue (HIF) stabilizers, methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA) and peginesatide (Hematide); progress hormone (hGH), insulin-like progress elements (IGF-1, and many others.), fibroblast progress elements (FGFs), hepatocyte progress elements (HGF), mechano progress elements (MGFs), platelet-derived progress issue (PDGF), vascular endothelial progress issue (VEGF), chorionic gonadotropin (banned in males solely), somatotrophin (progress hormone), insulins and corticotrophins, corticosteroid mimics, and their releasing issue, are banned.
Additionally banned are every other progress issue affecting muscle, tendon or ligament protein synthesis/degradation, vascularization, power utilization, regenerative capability or fiber kind switching; and different substances with related chemical construction or related organic results.
Beta-2 agonists[edit]
All beta-2 agonists and their D- and L-isomers, are banned. Nevertheless, formoterol, salbutamol, salmeterol, and terbutaline could also be used with a “therapeutic use exemption”, solely within the inhaled kind.
Hormone antagonists and modulators[edit]
Hormone ranges of a specific hormone, like testosterone, may be modified not solely by administering it, but in addition by altering associated hormones. For instance, the estrogens estrone and estradiol are biosynthetically produced by the enzyme aromatase, respectively, from androstenedione and testosterone, that are each produced from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. Thus, when the physique senses low ranges of estrogen, the precursor compounds 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone are up-regulated. Likewise, interfering with a hormone’s receptor results in related results. Due to these pure hormone-hormone interdependent biosynthetic pathways and hormone-receptor interactions, all aromatase inhibitors, together with anastrozole, letrozole, aminoglutethimide, exemestane, formestane, and testolactone are banned. Selective estrogen receptor modulators, together with raloxifene, tamoxifen and toremifene are banned. Clomiphene, cyclofenil, fulvestrant, and all different anti-estrogenic substances are banned. Myostatin inhibitors are banned. Metabolic modulators together with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) agonists (e.g., GW 1516), PPARδ-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) axis agonists (e.g. AICAR) are additionally banned. Meldonium was banned on 1 January 2016, which was usually used in the course of the Russian doping scandal.
Stimulants[edit]
Stimulants immediately have an effect on the central nervous system, growing blood circulate and coronary heart charge. These medicine primarily assist athletes in complicated staff sports activities like basketball and affiliation soccer in addition to choreographed sports activities like determine skating and inventive gymnastics. Stimulants which are banned embody amphetamines, beta-2 agonists, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, fencamfamine, cocaine, methamphetamines, mesocarb, and different substances with related chemical buildings and organic results, together with the next:
Diuretics and masking brokers[edit]
Diuretics, which enhance the manufacturing of urine, and masking brokers, chemical compounds which intrude with drug checks, are banned for 2 causes. First, by reducing water retention and thus reducing an athlete’s weight, an essential consideration in lots of pace sports activities (e.g. observe and area, pace skating), they enhance the pace of an athlete. Secondly, elevated urine manufacturing depletes the focus of each the banned medicine and their metabolites, making their detection harder. Masking brokers, then again, work by making drug checks ineffective, resulting in false-negative outcomes. Desmopressin, plasma expanders (equivalent to glycerol; intravenous administration of albumin, dextran, hydroxyethyl starch and mannitol), probenecid, and different substances with related organic results are additionally banned. Native utility of felypressin in dental anesthesia just isn’t prohibited.
Diuretics[edit]
The next diuretics, and chemical substances with related construction or organic exercise are banned:
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