1Department of Human Vitamin and Hygiene, Poznan College of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
2Department of Inside Drugs, Metabolic Problems and Hypertension, Poznan College of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
1Department of Human Vitamin and Hygiene, Poznan College of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
2Department of Inside Drugs, Metabolic Problems and Hypertension, Poznan College of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
3Department of Medical Pharmacology, Poznan College of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Summary
Introduction
Unbalanced diets have contributed to the elevated prevalence of weight problems and different metabolic problems within the fashionable world [1]. Experimental and medical analysis have proven that high-fat diets result in elevated serum glucose, insulin, and triglyceride ranges and promote insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and irritation [2, 3]. Furthermore, it has been noticed that each the western weight-reduction plan (excessive in fats, sodium, and sugar) and metabolic problems are related to impairments in mineral standing [4]. An rising quantity of proof means that mineral disturbances are concerned in advanced pathogenesis of obesity-related issues. An affiliation has been demonstrated between mineral standing on the one hand and antioxidant markers, irritation markers, glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism on the opposite. Current research have indicated that it’s value contemplating mineral management and supplementation in some populations, together with sufferers with weight problems and associated ailments [5–7].
As a result of excessive incidence of metabolic problems, compounds that may forestall or deal with them are looked for. It’s recognized {that a} important deficiency in nitric oxide (NO) is among the problems contributing to metabolic syndrome. The substrate for NO synthesis is l-arginine. More and more, the proof factors to the potential advantages of the usage of l-arginine for lowering oxidative stress, lowering blood strain, decreasing the severity of atherosclerosis, and bettering insulin sensitivity [8–11]. Its exact mechanism, nevertheless, has not but been totally decided. The potential use of l-arginine in sufferers with weight problems and different metabolic problems appears to be promising, particularly when mixed with different substances with comparable properties—for instance, antioxidants [12–14]. There’s a lack of experimental analysis assessing l-arginine supplementation underneath the situation of metabolic problems brought on by a weight-reduction plan excessive in fats in rats, and in addition the affect of l-arginine on mineral standing in rats.
Contemplating the helpful properties of l-arginine, we’ve got carried out a research to guage the affect of l-arginine alone and with vitamin C on mineral standing in rats, and to evaluate the ensuing modifications in lipid, glucose, insulin, antioxidant, and irritation standing in rats fed with a weight-reduction plan that promotes metabolic problems.
Supplies and Strategies
All animal procedures had been carried out in response to accepted protocols and in accordance with the suggestions for the right care and use of laboratory animals. The protocol of the research was accepted by the native bioethical fee in Poznań (approval no. 20/2011).
Outcomes
The typical intakes of weight-reduction plan and weight problems indices had been discovered to be comparable in all teams (Desk 3). The relative lots of the tissues (as percentages of physique mass) had been additionally comparable among the many teams (Desk 3).
The outcomes offered in Desk 4 display that 6 weeks of high-fat weight-reduction plan resulted in a major improve in serum insulin and TNF alpha focus and a lower in TAS serum ranges, whereas l-arginine supplementation (each supplemented alone and together with vitamin C) diminished the consequences of the high-fat weight-reduction plan on insulin, TNF alpha, and TAS. It was noticed that l-arginine with vitamin C had a barely higher affect on the biochemical parameters than did l-arginine alone. Serum glucose, ldl cholesterol, and triglyceride ranges had been comparable among the many teams.
In Desk 5, the outcomes of the mineral focus analyses of the tissues are given. It was discovered that the high-fat weight-reduction plan led to a major improve within the iron focus within the liver and within the copper degree within the coronary heart. On the identical time, the extent of iron within the spleen markedly decreased underneath the affect of the high-fat weight-reduction plan. l-arginine supplementation diminished the impact of the modified weight-reduction plan on the focus of iron within the liver and spleen and copper within the coronary heart (see Desk 5).
The mix of l-arginine with vitamin C had an analogous impact on the mineral degree within the tissues as did l-arginine used alone.
A number of correlations had been discovered between serum insulin, TAS, and TNF alpha and iron and copper ranges in all rats (Desk 6). Serum insulin positively correlated with the iron degree within the liver. The worth of the TAS in serum was inversely correlated with the copper degree within the coronary heart and the iron degree within the liver. Furthermore, a constructive correlation of TNF alpha degree with the iron focus within the liver, and in addition with the copper focus within the coronary heart, was noticed.
Dialogue – “l arginine with multivitamins”
On this research, we’ve got demonstrated that 6 weeks of therapy with l-arginine diminishes the impact of the high-fat weight-reduction plan on insulin serum degree, irritation, and antioxidant standing, and was related to modifications within the iron and copper standing of rats. This can be a new discovering of the research. The affect of l-arginine supplementation in bettering insulin standing has additionally been noticed in different experimental and medical research [9, 16]. Specifically, it has been proven that l-arginine stimulates insulin secretion [17, 18]. In our earlier research, we discovered that supplementation with l-arginine will increase antioxidant standing in overweight sufferers [13]. The antioxidant results of l-arginine may very well be because of the lowering depth of radical reactions or of antioxidative–enzyme induction within the physique of rats on a high-fat weight-reduction plan. It is usually recognized that l-arginine could cut back superoxide anion launch from endothelial cells, and thus have an effect on the decreasing of oxidative stress [19, 20]. l-arginine could decrease the quantity of free oxygen radicals, and might thus inhibit tissue injury and reduce irritation standing in rats, which may promote unfavourable metabolic modifications. Rising quantities of proof verify the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of l-arginine [21–23].
On this research, it was additionally discovered that vitamin C didn’t considerably impression the impact of l-arginine on insulin, TAS, TNF alpha, or minerals in rats fed with the high-fat weight-reduction plan. The mix confirmed solely barely higher results on insulin, TNF alpha, and TAS. The outcomes we obtained weren’t anticipated, particularly as different research have proven a helpful synergistic impact of the administration of antioxidants with l-arginine [12, 22, 24, 25]. Nevertheless, the circumstances in these different research differed from these obtained in our analysis. It’s attainable {that a} longer experimental interval would reveal important variations between the usage of l-arginine alone and of l-arginine mixed with vitamin C. One other rationalization is probably the shortage of synergistic impact of vitamin C and arginine. Fan X. et al. [26, 27] have obtained sturdy proof for that speculation that the buildup of ascorbic acid oxidation merchandise that present excessive reactivity with proteins is accountable for the formation of crystalline adducts and crosslinks in vivo. On one hand, numerous research clearly recommend that vitamin C is useful for lowering the chance of cataractogenesis, particularly underneath circumstances that favor oxidant stress [28]. The proposed mechanisms embody the scavenging of free radicals by the vitamin itself or together with glutathione. Then again, it has been noticed that, underneath some medical circumstances, when the cell’s defenses are weakened by diabetes, end-stage renal illness, or poor diet, vitamin C can inflict injury [26]. It appears possible that the high-fat weight-reduction plan utilized in our experiment may predispose to carbonyl and oxidant stress, and can also be related to ascorbic acid oxidation merchandise.
The outcomes of this research present that the affect of l-arginine in rats, whether or not alone or with vitamin C, on TAS and TNF alpha is strongly related to modifications in iron and copper standing. It was noticed that the modified weight-reduction plan excessive in fats and sodium, which promoted unfavourable metabolic modifications, induced the displacement of iron ions from the spleen to the liver and the buildup of copper ions within the coronary heart. These modifications in iron and copper ranges within the liver and coronary heart could negatively affect oxidative stress and irritation in these tissues. Iron ions take part within the era of free radicals, which can injury hepatic cells and reduce antioxidant standing, whereas rising irritation within the physique [29–31]. Equally, the rise in copper focus within the coronary heart of the rats fed with the high-fat weight-reduction plan would possibly induce oxidative stress on this tissue, and thus decide an inflammatory response [32].
On this research, it was discovered that l-arginine decreased the displacement of iron ions between the spleen and the liver and inhibited the buildup of copper within the coronary heart, in rats fed with the modified weight-reduction plan. The mechanism of the affect of l-arginine on iron and copper ions is to this point unknown to us, although it could be related with the antioxidative and anti inflammatory properties of l-arginine [12]. It may be linked to the truth that arginine is a substrate within the synthesis of nitric oxide. Different authors have steered that NO could play an necessary function in iron metabolism [33]. Xiao et al. [33] discovered a unfavourable correlation between plasma NO and iron focus underneath circumstances of l-arginine supplementation in exercised rats, such that will increase in NO ranges throughout train throughout l-arginine supplementation had been discovered to result in decreased catalytic iron focus within the liver and will increase in catalytic iron focus within the spleen. Xiao et al. [33] additionally noticed modifications in nonheme iron and storage iron within the tissues of rats.
In our earlier medical research, we steered that modifications within the focus of minerals underneath the affect of l-arginine could also be linked to the impression of arginine in bettering insulin secretion [6]. In that research, we noticed decreases in copper serum focus following l-arginine supplementation. The outcomes of the current research present that the relation between copper and insulin following l-arginine therapy is moderately oblique. Nevertheless, the change in copper standing is straight related with the change in TAS and TNF alpha degree. Different research help the speculation of elevated iron shops, in addition to irritation and oxidative stress, within the improvement of insulin standing problems [6, 34, 35]. The modifications in each iron and copper following the l-arginine supplementation noticed on this research could also be related to metabolic relationships between these components [36, 37]. Furthermore, the focus of iron and copper in serum and the tissues is related to inflammatory and oxidative stress and with modifications within the ranges of those minerals involving amendments within the parameters of irritation and antioxidant standing [31, 38].
Our outcomes right here present the affect of l-arginine on insulin standing and its impact on TAS and irritation, which is strongly related with the modifications within the iron and copper standing of rats fed with the high-fat weight-reduction plan. The direct mechanism accountable for the change in minerals following l-arginine supplementation wants additional investigation.
The information obtained on this research is a brand new discovering concerning the affect of l-arginine, with and with out one other antioxidant, on mineral metabolism in rats with a weight-reduction plan that promotes metabolic problems.
This research has its limitations. We didn’t consider mineral ranges within the serum of rats. Ferritin, ceruloplasmin, and mineral-dependent enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase and catalase), alongside different mineral metabolism parameters and irritation and antioxidant markers, weren’t assessed. The willpower of those parameters would permit a broader dialogue on the impression of l-arginine on mineral standing in rats fed with a high-fat weight-reduction plan. Furthermore, on this experiment, the impact of mixing l-arginine and vitamin C was studied on just one chosen degree. In additional research, it will be helpful to make use of completely different doses of l-arginine together with different antioxidants.
In conclusion, the helpful affect of l-arginine on insulin, TAS, and TNF alpha serum degree is related to modifications in iron and copper standing in rats fed a high-fat weight-reduction plan. The impact on mineral standing and biochemical parameters of the administration of l-arginine with vitamin C is much like that of supplementation with l-arginine alone in rats fed with the modified weight-reduction plan selling unfavourable metabolic modifications.
Acknowledgments
References