A monomer (/ˈmɒnəmər/ MON-ə-mər; mono-, “one” + -mer, “part”) is a molecule that may react along with different monomer molecules to type a bigger polymer chain or three-dimensional community in a course of known as polymerization.[1][2][3]
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Classification[edit]
Monomers may be labeled in some ways. They are often subdivided into two broad lessons, relying on the form of the polymer that they type. Monomers that take part in condensation polymerization have a unique stoichiometry than monomers that take part as well as polymerization:[5]
Different classifications embody:
The polymerization of 1 form of monomer offers a homopolymer. Many polymers are copolymers, which means that they’re derived from two totally different monomers. Within the case of condensation polymerizations, the ratio of comonomers is often 1:1. For instance, the formation of many nylons requires equal quantities of a dicarboxylic acid and diamine. Within the case of addition polymerizations, the comonomer content material is commonly only some p.c. For instance, small quantities of 1-octene monomer are copolymerized with ethylene to present specialised polyethylene.
Artificial monomers[edit]
Biopolymers[edit]
The time period “monomeric protein” can also be used to explain one of many proteins making up a multiprotein complicated.[6]
Pure monomers[edit] – “protein monomer”
Among the principal biopolymers are listed under:
Amino acids[edit]
For proteins, the monomers are amino acids. Polymerization happens at ribosomes. Normally about 20 kinds of amino acid monomers are used to supply proteins. Therefore proteins aren’t homopolymers.
Nucleotides[edit]
For polynucleic acids (DNA/RNA), the monomers are nucleotides, every of which is product of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. Nucleotide monomers are discovered within the cell nucleus. 4 kinds of nucleotide monomers are precursors to DNA and 4 totally different nucleotide monomers are precursors to RNA.
Glucose and associated sugars[edit]
For carbohydrates, the monomers are monosaccharides. Probably the most plentiful pure monomer is glucose, which is linked by glycosidic bonds into the polymers cellulose, starch, and glycogen.[7]
Isoprene[edit]
Isoprene is a pure monomer that polymerizes to type pure rubber, most frequently cis-1,4-polyisoprene, but in addition trans-1,4-polymer. Artificial rubbers are sometimes based mostly on butadiene, which is structurally associated to isoprene.
See additionally[edit]
Notes[edit]
“protein monomer”